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Unit 01 - World War I
1.1.1
Imperialism : policy by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples. Historically, states have been motivated to pursue imperialism for a variety of reasons, which may be
classified broadly as economic, political, and ideological.
Economic explanations of imperialism are the most common.
Proponents of this view hold that states are motivated to dominate others by the
need to expand their economies, to acquire raw materials and additional sources
of labor, or to find outlets for surplus capital and markets for surplus
goods.
Political determinants of imperialism, contending that states are motivated to expand primarily by the desire for power, prestige, security, and diplomatic advantages.
Ideological /Moral motives. According to this perspective, political, cultural, or religious beliefs force states into imperialism as a "missionary activity". Britain's colonial empire was motivated at least in part by the idea that it was the "white man's burden" to civilize "backward" peoples. Germany's expansion under Hitler was based in large measure on a belief in the inherent superiority of German national culture.
Nationalism : A sense of national consciousness that fosters loyalty to one's country.In modern history, the nation-state is regarded as paramount for the realization of social, economic, and cultural aspirations of a people. Nationalism is characterized principally by a feeling of community among a people, based on common descent, language, and religion.
Colony : a territory that is controlled by another power/powerful nation. Imperialistic countries sought to control other regions of the world which became their colonies.
Triple Alliance : Alliance initiated by Germany that united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Its purpose was to isolate France in the
event of War.
Triple Entente : Alliance between France, Russia and Britain that was formed in response to the rising powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and
Italy (The Triple Alliance).
Ultimatum : A final proposal of terms which, when rejected, may end negotiations and result in war.
1.1.6 & 1.1.7 Read pages 36 to 39 and complete the following
questions. These questions cover objectives 1.1.6 & 1.1.7
1. What was the impact of Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia
Herzgovina on Serbian nationalism?
2. Explain the effect of the formation of the Balkan League and
the Balkan wars in 1912 & 13 had on Austro-Hungarian - Serbian
relations.
3. What opportunity did the Austro-Hungarian government see as a
result of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
4. A) What was the German governments response to the
assassination?
Read the following two quotes and answer the questions that
follow.
Source A
Our position would indeed be dangerous if Austria lost confidence
in us and turned away. In the present situation we must be careful to keep
Austria as a true partner.
German Chancellor Bulow, 1908
Source B
The German Kaiser predicted that if the Austrians did not face up
to the Serbian menace, they would have considerable trouble from Slav peoples
within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The fleet must now look upon England as the
enemy. Moltke, the Army Chief, believed was bound to happen and said "The sooner
the better", Tirpitz, the Navy Chief, wanted another eighteen months to get
ready for war.
Secret meeting between Kaiser and his top
Commanders December , 1912
B) What was Germany's attitude toward Austria and war?
5. What was Russia's response to the ultimatum
Austria-Hungary sent to Serbia?
1.2.6
The United States entry into World War 1
The U.S. was determined to remain neutral during WW1, viewing the war as a battle between imperialist European nations. During the war the U.S. became increasingly rich and powerful as they shipped produce and manufactured goods, including war materials across the ocean. Between 1914 & 1918, U.S. exports rose from $2 billion to $6 billion annually. Because of the good business the U.S. was doing it expected warring nations to respect the "freedom of the sea" and protested against British & German blockades.
In 1915, Germany declared the waters around Britain a war zone, warning
that the safety of neutral vessels would not be guaranteed. On May 7, a British
liner , the Lusitania was torpedoed by Germany. Of the 1198 victims, 128 were
American. The incident shocked Americans and turned public opinion against
Germany. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson warned that another such attack would be
determined "unfriendly". Germany not wishing to draw the U.S. into the war
loosened the blockade around Britain for 2 years. In Feb. 1917 Germany began a
campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany hoped it could cut off
supplies to Britain and force it to surrender before the U.S. could mobilize and
send troops. In Feb. and March several U.S. ships were sunk and on April 6, 1917
the U.S. declared war on Germany. Another factor besides Germany's use of
unrestricted submarine warfare that may have helped bring the U. S. into the war
was the Zimmerman Telegram ( telegram sent from Germany to Mexico promising
Mexico U.S. territory if it entered the war Germany's side).
1.2.7
Impact of America's entry & Russia's Withdrawal On WWI
Russia's withdrawal : The New Communist Government in Russia negotiated
an armistice ( Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)with the Central Powers. This armistice
was a devasting blow to to the Allies for variety of reasons. Germany could
relieve it's food shortages by using agricultural products from parts of Russia.
Germany could now concentrate its forces on the Western Front against France
& Britain.
America's entry Gave the Allies : A fresh supply of soldiers. Increased
the morale of the allied soldiers who were disheartened after 3 years of
fighting. Access to the world's largest Industrial economy. Access to large and
growing navy. Access to large population to help with the war effort.
1.2.5
The Nature of the War on the Eastern & Western Fronts
The Western Front : By October 1914, both the Allies and Central Powers had dug a line of trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier. Both sides now faced each other across no-mans-land and a tragic stalemate developed. The trenches remained virtually stationary in spite of the massive battles fought. Both sides suffered tremendous losses in this war of attrition. When the war ended both sides were in the same positions they had established in 1914.
The Eastern Front : The Eastern Front was much more mobile. Here There were large-scale battles ( ex: Tannenberg) with considerable movement and huge casualties. The trench system was not nearly as strong and German forces won tremendous victories against Russian forces.
Within the first 2 months of the war Russia had lost 2 armies. Russian soldiers frequently ran out of weapons and ammunition and had to fight with pitchforks and swords. The constant defeats led to a shifting front line and eventually Russia's withdrawal from the war.
(1.2.8 & 1.3.1) Read Pages 51 - 52 & answer the
following questions
1. Explain how WWI :
• changed the status of women in Canada?
• changed the Canadian economy
• changed Canada's political role/reputation in the world
2. Read Wilson's 14 Points on page 59 and group them using the
following headings :
• Territorial changes
• Military Terms
• Reparations
• Admission of War Guilt
• Other
1.3.2 French / British objectives at Paris Peace Conference
The 30 victorious Allied countries met in Paris, in 1919, to design a peace Treaty. Decisions were made by Britain, France and the U.S. Defeated nations were not given any input at the peace conference Germany felt the peace treaty would be based on Wilson's 14 Points.
French Objectives :
1. National Security : Germany had invaded France twice in the last 50 years, thus France wanted to remove the threat of Germany.
2. Financial Reparations : Northern France was destroyed as a result of the war. Mines, railways and farm fields had been destroyed. As a result France demanded that Germany pay for war damages (reparations) and give France control of it's Saar Valley (coal). France was bent on Revenge.
British Objectives : Control of the Sea : Britain with its large empire wanted to control the sea as a result the German navy had to be limited. Contain bolshevism/Communism : Britain now feared the growth of Bolshevism/
Communism in Russia and thus did not want Germany to become to weak so as to
fall into the hands of Bolsheviks. Britain had selfish interests.
1.3.6
Germany Following Treaty of Versailles
Following the end of World War I Germany set up a democratic form of government, this government was referred to as the Weimar Republic. The Weimar Republic faced many problems as a result of the Treaty of Versailles and
weaknesses in the new constitution*.German attitudes towards Treaty: German's called it a dictated peace because they no say in the making of the Treaty Germans felt the military terms left their country vulnerable to invasion by neighbouring countries. The "War Guilt Clause" was seen as unfair as most
Germans did not feel they were responsible for causing the war. Germans resented paying huge amounts of reparations to countries they feel shared the blame for the war. Germans felt the Treaty would be based on Wilson's 14 Points,
especially national self determination, yet Germans found themselves ruled by
Danes, Poles and Czechs. Germany felt it would be a full member of the League of
Nations however it was refused membership.
Impact of the Treaty:
Politically - The new Weimar Republic was forced to sign the Treaty. As a result Germans always associated the new Democratic government with the humiliating treaty. Often this government were referred to as the November Criminals" (armistice was signed in Nov.) and accused of stabbing the army in the back. The Weimar Republics association with the Versailles Treaty was always used against it by it's enemies (Hitler). Extremists were determined to
overthrow the Republic.
Economically - Germany could not afford to pay the Reparations 28.8 billion. The country was economically exhausted by the war. Regions that could make money such as the Saar coalfields had been taken. By 1923 Germany feel behind in reparation payments. French and Belgian troops invaded Germany's industrial heart the Ruhr and took the goods they needed. To deal with economic problems the German government began printing so much money to pay its bills that German money became worthless (Hyperinflation). 1923 Hitler tries to take over with a military coup & fails.
1924 - 1929 Weimar Republic gets loan from U.S. and gets reparation payments lowered however unemployment remains a serious problem. Stock market crash of 1929 results in withdrawal of U.S money which devastates the German economy.
Imperialism : policy by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples. Historically, states have been motivated to pursue imperialism for a variety of reasons, which may be
classified broadly as economic, political, and ideological.
Economic explanations of imperialism are the most common.
Proponents of this view hold that states are motivated to dominate others by the
need to expand their economies, to acquire raw materials and additional sources
of labor, or to find outlets for surplus capital and markets for surplus
goods.
Political determinants of imperialism, contending that states are motivated to expand primarily by the desire for power, prestige, security, and diplomatic advantages.
Ideological /Moral motives. According to this perspective, political, cultural, or religious beliefs force states into imperialism as a "missionary activity". Britain's colonial empire was motivated at least in part by the idea that it was the "white man's burden" to civilize "backward" peoples. Germany's expansion under Hitler was based in large measure on a belief in the inherent superiority of German national culture.
Nationalism : A sense of national consciousness that fosters loyalty to one's country.In modern history, the nation-state is regarded as paramount for the realization of social, economic, and cultural aspirations of a people. Nationalism is characterized principally by a feeling of community among a people, based on common descent, language, and religion.
Colony : a territory that is controlled by another power/powerful nation. Imperialistic countries sought to control other regions of the world which became their colonies.
Triple Alliance : Alliance initiated by Germany that united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Its purpose was to isolate France in the
event of War.
Triple Entente : Alliance between France, Russia and Britain that was formed in response to the rising powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and
Italy (The Triple Alliance).
Ultimatum : A final proposal of terms which, when rejected, may end negotiations and result in war.
1.1.6 & 1.1.7 Read pages 36 to 39 and complete the following
questions. These questions cover objectives 1.1.6 & 1.1.7
1. What was the impact of Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia
Herzgovina on Serbian nationalism?
2. Explain the effect of the formation of the Balkan League and
the Balkan wars in 1912 & 13 had on Austro-Hungarian - Serbian
relations.
3. What opportunity did the Austro-Hungarian government see as a
result of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
4. A) What was the German governments response to the
assassination?
Read the following two quotes and answer the questions that
follow.
Source A
Our position would indeed be dangerous if Austria lost confidence
in us and turned away. In the present situation we must be careful to keep
Austria as a true partner.
German Chancellor Bulow, 1908
Source B
The German Kaiser predicted that if the Austrians did not face up
to the Serbian menace, they would have considerable trouble from Slav peoples
within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The fleet must now look upon England as the
enemy. Moltke, the Army Chief, believed was bound to happen and said "The sooner
the better", Tirpitz, the Navy Chief, wanted another eighteen months to get
ready for war.
Secret meeting between Kaiser and his top
Commanders December , 1912
B) What was Germany's attitude toward Austria and war?
5. What was Russia's response to the ultimatum
Austria-Hungary sent to Serbia?
1.2.6
The United States entry into World War 1
The U.S. was determined to remain neutral during WW1, viewing the war as a battle between imperialist European nations. During the war the U.S. became increasingly rich and powerful as they shipped produce and manufactured goods, including war materials across the ocean. Between 1914 & 1918, U.S. exports rose from $2 billion to $6 billion annually. Because of the good business the U.S. was doing it expected warring nations to respect the "freedom of the sea" and protested against British & German blockades.
In 1915, Germany declared the waters around Britain a war zone, warning
that the safety of neutral vessels would not be guaranteed. On May 7, a British
liner , the Lusitania was torpedoed by Germany. Of the 1198 victims, 128 were
American. The incident shocked Americans and turned public opinion against
Germany. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson warned that another such attack would be
determined "unfriendly". Germany not wishing to draw the U.S. into the war
loosened the blockade around Britain for 2 years. In Feb. 1917 Germany began a
campaign of unrestricted submarine warfare. Germany hoped it could cut off
supplies to Britain and force it to surrender before the U.S. could mobilize and
send troops. In Feb. and March several U.S. ships were sunk and on April 6, 1917
the U.S. declared war on Germany. Another factor besides Germany's use of
unrestricted submarine warfare that may have helped bring the U. S. into the war
was the Zimmerman Telegram ( telegram sent from Germany to Mexico promising
Mexico U.S. territory if it entered the war Germany's side).
1.2.7
Impact of America's entry & Russia's Withdrawal On WWI
Russia's withdrawal : The New Communist Government in Russia negotiated
an armistice ( Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)with the Central Powers. This armistice
was a devasting blow to to the Allies for variety of reasons. Germany could
relieve it's food shortages by using agricultural products from parts of Russia.
Germany could now concentrate its forces on the Western Front against France
& Britain.
America's entry Gave the Allies : A fresh supply of soldiers. Increased
the morale of the allied soldiers who were disheartened after 3 years of
fighting. Access to the world's largest Industrial economy. Access to large and
growing navy. Access to large population to help with the war effort.
1.2.5
The Nature of the War on the Eastern & Western Fronts
The Western Front : By October 1914, both the Allies and Central Powers had dug a line of trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier. Both sides now faced each other across no-mans-land and a tragic stalemate developed. The trenches remained virtually stationary in spite of the massive battles fought. Both sides suffered tremendous losses in this war of attrition. When the war ended both sides were in the same positions they had established in 1914.
The Eastern Front : The Eastern Front was much more mobile. Here There were large-scale battles ( ex: Tannenberg) with considerable movement and huge casualties. The trench system was not nearly as strong and German forces won tremendous victories against Russian forces.
Within the first 2 months of the war Russia had lost 2 armies. Russian soldiers frequently ran out of weapons and ammunition and had to fight with pitchforks and swords. The constant defeats led to a shifting front line and eventually Russia's withdrawal from the war.
(1.2.8 & 1.3.1) Read Pages 51 - 52 & answer the
following questions
1. Explain how WWI :
• changed the status of women in Canada?
• changed the Canadian economy
• changed Canada's political role/reputation in the world
2. Read Wilson's 14 Points on page 59 and group them using the
following headings :
• Territorial changes
• Military Terms
• Reparations
• Admission of War Guilt
• Other
1.3.2 French / British objectives at Paris Peace Conference
The 30 victorious Allied countries met in Paris, in 1919, to design a peace Treaty. Decisions were made by Britain, France and the U.S. Defeated nations were not given any input at the peace conference Germany felt the peace treaty would be based on Wilson's 14 Points.
French Objectives :
1. National Security : Germany had invaded France twice in the last 50 years, thus France wanted to remove the threat of Germany.
2. Financial Reparations : Northern France was destroyed as a result of the war. Mines, railways and farm fields had been destroyed. As a result France demanded that Germany pay for war damages (reparations) and give France control of it's Saar Valley (coal). France was bent on Revenge.
British Objectives : Control of the Sea : Britain with its large empire wanted to control the sea as a result the German navy had to be limited. Contain bolshevism/Communism : Britain now feared the growth of Bolshevism/
Communism in Russia and thus did not want Germany to become to weak so as to
fall into the hands of Bolsheviks. Britain had selfish interests.
1.3.6
Germany Following Treaty of Versailles
Following the end of World War I Germany set up a democratic form of government, this government was referred to as the Weimar Republic. The Weimar Republic faced many problems as a result of the Treaty of Versailles and
weaknesses in the new constitution*.German attitudes towards Treaty: German's called it a dictated peace because they no say in the making of the Treaty Germans felt the military terms left their country vulnerable to invasion by neighbouring countries. The "War Guilt Clause" was seen as unfair as most
Germans did not feel they were responsible for causing the war. Germans resented paying huge amounts of reparations to countries they feel shared the blame for the war. Germans felt the Treaty would be based on Wilson's 14 Points,
especially national self determination, yet Germans found themselves ruled by
Danes, Poles and Czechs. Germany felt it would be a full member of the League of
Nations however it was refused membership.
Impact of the Treaty:
Politically - The new Weimar Republic was forced to sign the Treaty. As a result Germans always associated the new Democratic government with the humiliating treaty. Often this government were referred to as the November Criminals" (armistice was signed in Nov.) and accused of stabbing the army in the back. The Weimar Republics association with the Versailles Treaty was always used against it by it's enemies (Hitler). Extremists were determined to
overthrow the Republic.
Economically - Germany could not afford to pay the Reparations 28.8 billion. The country was economically exhausted by the war. Regions that could make money such as the Saar coalfields had been taken. By 1923 Germany feel behind in reparation payments. French and Belgian troops invaded Germany's industrial heart the Ruhr and took the goods they needed. To deal with economic problems the German government began printing so much money to pay its bills that German money became worthless (Hyperinflation). 1923 Hitler tries to take over with a military coup & fails.
1924 - 1929 Weimar Republic gets loan from U.S. and gets reparation payments lowered however unemployment remains a serious problem. Stock market crash of 1929 results in withdrawal of U.S money which devastates the German economy.
Unit 01 - Web Videos
Watch Mojo - The History of the British Empire
Watch Mojo - Video Profile on the Russian Empire
Watch Mojo - Video Profile on The Ottoman Empire
Watch Mojo - Video Profile on the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Watch Mojo - World War I - How Did It Start?
Watch Mojo - World War I - Which Countries Fought
Watch Mojo - World War I - How Did It End?
Watch Mojo - World War I - Treaty of Versailles
Watch Mojo - World War I - The Aftermath
Watch Mojo - World War I - Weapons and Technology
Watch Mojo - Video Profile on the Russian Empire
Watch Mojo - Video Profile on The Ottoman Empire
Watch Mojo - Video Profile on the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Watch Mojo - World War I - How Did It Start?
Watch Mojo - World War I - Which Countries Fought
Watch Mojo - World War I - How Did It End?
Watch Mojo - World War I - Treaty of Versailles
Watch Mojo - World War I - The Aftermath
Watch Mojo - World War I - Weapons and Technology